Karate


Sort By:
Show:
Display:
 
  Программа обучения Удан Даоюань Внутренняя кунгфу академия Вы можете выбрать содержание исследования и уровня жизни самостоятельно. Вы можете остановиться на несколько дней, несколько месяцев ил..
$ 1148
  Программа обучения Jaguar Escrima Обучение 4 часа в день, 5 дней в неделю. Тем не менее, этот график, так же, как Jaguar Escrima, является гибким и обучение часы и дни могут быть адаптированы в ..
$ 1029
  Программа обучения Ван Чжи Ping Tai Chi школы Программа Эти программы, чтобы дать студентам представление о том, чего ожидать. Обучение в школе осуществляется на индивидуальной основ..
$ 712
  Программа NinjaGym Боевые искусства Тренировочный лагерь Типичный график обучения Понедельник: Multi-боевые искусства, оружие и современное обучение ниндзя. Вторник: Фитн..
$ 997
  Rising Dragon Боевые искусства Потеря веса Программа На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:30, так ч..
$ 1365
  NinjaGym Программа Приключения Боевые искусства Образец тура и расписание занятий День 1: Малибу-Крик, Государственный парк - Прыжки прямо в программу с полным днем ​​обучения введен..
$ 997
  Программа Superpro Samui Ежедневное расписание с понедельника по субботу 08:00 - 10:00 Утренняя тренинги для муай-тай 17:00 - 18:30 Во второй половине дня тренировки для ..
$ 118
  Восходящая Программа Dragon Китай Школа кунг-фу На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:30, так что бо..
$ 8449
  Bondalem Beach Club Программа тренировочный лагерь Bondalem Beach Club Training Camp будет первым в своем роде, чтобы найти в этой красивой и спокойной части Бали. Bondalem Beach Club предлагает..
$ 490
  Rising Dragon китайской программы подготовки боевых искусств На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:3..
$ 1843
  Rising Dragon Боевые искусства Потеря веса Программа На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:30, так ч..
$ 2731
  ММА и муай-тай Программа обучения в Таиланде Ежедневное расписание с понедельника по субботу 08:00 - 10:00 Утренняя тренинги для муай-тай 17:00 - 18:30 Во второй половине..
$ 236
  Рост Обучение Дракон кунг-фу в программе Китая На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:30, так что бол..
$ 691
  Программа обучения Боевые искусства NinjaGym В соответствии с NinjaGyms желанием искать и преодолевать препятствия, студенты собираются вместе для приключений на открытом воздухе. Путешествия и ..
$ 2995
  Программа обучения Superpro Samui Ежедневное расписание с понедельника по субботу 08:00 - 10:00 Утренняя тренинги для муай-тай 17:00 - 18:30 Во второй половине дня тренир..
$ 50
  Программа обучения Удан Даоюань Внутренняя кунгфу академия Вы можете выбрать содержание исследования и уровня жизни самостоятельно. Вы можете остановиться на несколько дней, несколько месяцев ил..
$ 1148
  Программа обучения Jaguar Escrima Обучение 4 часа в день, 5 дней в неделю. Тем не менее, этот график, так же, как Jaguar Escrima, является гибким и обучение часы и дни могут быть адаптированы в ..
$ 1029
  Программа обучения Ван Чжи Ping Tai Chi школы Программа Эти программы, чтобы дать студентам представление о том, чего ожидать. Обучение в школе осуществляется на индивидуальной основ..
$ 712
  Программа NinjaGym Боевые искусства Тренировочный лагерь Типичный график обучения Понедельник: Multi-боевые искусства, оружие и современное обучение ниндзя. Вторник: Фитн..
$ 997
  Rising Dragon Боевые искусства Потеря веса Программа На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:30, так ч..
$ 1365
  NinjaGym Программа Приключения Боевые искусства Образец тура и расписание занятий День 1: Малибу-Крик, Государственный парк - Прыжки прямо в программу с полным днем ​​обучения введен..
$ 997
  Программа Superpro Samui Ежедневное расписание с понедельника по субботу 08:00 - 10:00 Утренняя тренинги для муай-тай 17:00 - 18:30 Во второй половине дня тренировки для ..
$ 118
  Восходящая Программа Dragon Китай Школа кунг-фу На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:30, так что бо..
$ 8449
  Bondalem Beach Club Программа тренировочный лагерь Bondalem Beach Club Training Camp будет первым в своем роде, чтобы найти в этой красивой и спокойной части Бали. Bondalem Beach Club предлагает..
$ 490
  Rising Dragon китайской программы подготовки боевых искусств На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:3..
$ 1843
  Rising Dragon Боевые искусства Потеря веса Программа На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:30, так ч..
$ 2731
  ММА и муай-тай Программа обучения в Таиланде Ежедневное расписание с понедельника по субботу 08:00 - 10:00 Утренняя тренинги для муай-тай 17:00 - 18:30 Во второй половине..
$ 236
  Рост Обучение Дракон кунг-фу в программе Китая На RDS вы будете тренироваться около 6 часов в день с отдыха / свободное время в выходные дни. Обучение начинается каждое утро в 05:30, так что бол..
$ 691
  Программа обучения Боевые искусства NinjaGym В соответствии с NinjaGyms желанием искать и преодолевать препятствия, студенты собираются вместе для приключений на открытом воздухе. Путешествия и ..
$ 2995
  Программа обучения Superpro Samui Ежедневное расписание с понедельника по субботу 08:00 - 10:00 Утренняя тренинги для муай-тай 17:00 - 18:30 Во второй половине дня тренир..
$ 50
Karate

Karate, Japanese

Combative disciplines are generally reflective of the nature of the society from which they arose. Japanese culture has officially recognized bujutsu (martial ways) since a.d. 794, when the Butokuden (Martial Virtues Hall) was established in Kyoto by the emperor Kanmu for the purpose of promoting excellence in the martial arts. The Butokuden eventually became the premier training hall for the Dainippon Butokukai (Great Japan Martial Virtue Association), which was established by the Meiji emperor in 1895 for the preservation of koryu bujutsu (classical martial arts). The Dainippon Butokukai was charged with the task of recognizing, solidifying, promoting, and standardizing martial arts in Japan. It was through these processes that karate-do (empty-hand way) became and was recognized as a ryuba (school of transmission) in 1933.
Japanese karate originated from a synthesis of civil and military combative disciplines. These disciplines included Okinawan di (Japanese te, hand), indigenous Japanese martial arts (bu), and Chinese quanfa (ch’uan fa, fist law; in Japanese, kenpo). Okinawan di uses striking, throwing, joint locking, and restraining methods similar to various styles of Japanese jujutsu, and hints at an early sharing of martial knowledge between the cultures. Although di means “hand,” weapons are also utilized. This sharing of martial culture is evident in the weapons used by di practitioners, which include the sword, spear, and glaive {naginata). Japanese jujutsu was directly influenced by Chinese fighting methods (quanfa), as were the Okinawan fighting styles. The most influential of these arts on the development of Japanese karate was Okinawan di, called Toudi (Tang hand) in reference to its Chinese origins.
The Ryukyu people were first recorded in A.D. 616, when the Yamato (Wo-Yayoi culture) of Kyushu took thirty Okinawans to the court of Sho-toku Taishi at Nara. Some time later, representatives of the Yamato returned to Hyakuna on the Chinen Peninsula. Among the various cultural innovations that the Yamato brought with them to Okinawa were iron weapons and the martial combative disciplines needed to exploit their use. These combative disciplines probably contained the constituent elements of what eventually evolved into Okinawan di.
During the decentralization of the Heian period (794-1185), minor Japanese houses were displaced and forced to seek refuge in the Ryukyu Islands. Reintroduction into the Japanese hierarchy was often facilitated by martial proficiency and heiho (tactics). The Ryukyus acted as a training
232 Kali
Kumite (free sparring) during karate championships at the Seattle Center Arena, October 23, 1967. (Seattle Post-Intelligencer Collection, Museum of History & Industry)
ground for these houses to enhance their military and political effectiveness. The combative systems practiced by these houses and their retainers were eagerly absorbed by the Okinawan military chieftains (anji), who had their own ambitions for social mobility and conquest.
The second-generation headmaster of Jigen-гуй Kenjutsu, Togo Bizen-no-Kami Shigekata (1602-1659), was ordered by Lord Shimazu to instruct the inhabitants of Kagoshima (Satsuma) in civil combative disciplines. These traditions were retained in the Jigen-ryu Bo Odori (Staff Dances), which incorporated techniques with the jo (stick), ken (sword), rokushaku bo (six-foot staff), yari (spear), eiku (oar), kama (sickle), shakuhachi (flute), and various other utensils. In 1609, the Shiazu clan of Satsuma invaded and conquered the kingdom of Okinawa. The Satsuma invaders enacted and enforced a weapons ban in the subjugated kingdom, which helped foster the practice of di. Some Okinawans were allowed to travel to Satsuma, where they studied the Jigen system.
Kanga Teruya, also known as Sakugawa Toudi, traveled to Satsuma and returned with rokushaku bo kata (forms), which were previously unknown in Okinawa. Matsumura Sokon “Bushi” (Okinawan, Chikudun l'echin; warrior) (1809-1901) studied Toudi under Sakugawa and the Chinese military attache, Iwah. Matsumura also traveled to Fujian, where he acquired some knowledge of the Chinese martial arts, and to Satsuma,
Karate, Japanese 233
where he received his menkyo (teaching certification) in Jigen-ryu ken-jutsu from Ijuin Yashichiro. Matsumura combined Toudi and Jigen-ryu into an eclectic combative style that eventually became known in Okinawa as Shuri-di (Shuri hand), so called because it was practiced in and around Shuri.
Matsumura’s disciples included Anko Itosu (Yasutsune) and Anko Asato. As well as being superb Karateka (practitioners) and sensei (instructors) in their own right, Itosu and Asato were the primary instructors of Funakoshi Gichin, the single most influential figure in the development of Japanese karate.
In 1917, Funakoshi was invited as a representative of the Okinawa Prefecture to perform karate at the Butokuden in Kyoto. This was the first public demonstration of karate on the Japanese mainland. In March of 1921, Funakoshi demonstrated karate for the Crown Prince Seijo (Hiro-hito) in the Great Hall at Shuri Castle. In the spring of 1922, the Okinawan Department of Education requested that Funakoshi arrange an exhibition of karate for the Ministry of Education’s First National Athletic Exhibition in Tokyo. After the exhibition, Funakoshi was persuaded to remain in Japan and disseminate his knowledge of the art of karate. This resulted in the publication of Rytikyu Kenpo: Karate, in the fall of 1922, and a revision of the work, Retan Goshin Karate-jutsu (Strengthening of Willpower and Self-Defense through Karate Techniques), in 1923.
In 1924, the karate clubs Keio Gijuku Taiikukai Karatebu, Tokyo Teikoku Daigaku Karatebu, Daiichi Koto Gakko Karatebu, Waseda Dai-gaku Gakuyukai Karatebu, Nihon Daigaku Karate Kenkyukai, Takushoku Daigaku Karatebu, Nihon Daigaku Ikka Karate Kenkyukai, and Shoin Jo-gakko were established in the Tokyo area. In 1930, the Kansai Daigaku Karatebu, Kansai Daigaku Senmonbu, Osaka Koto Yakugaku Senmon Gakko, and Osaka Koto Igaku Senmon Gakko were established around Osaka.
The All Japan Martial Arts Demonstration was held in Tokyo on May 5,1930, to celebrate Hirohito’s succession to the throne. Shinzato Jinan attended the event as the representative of Okinawan Naha-di (Naha hand) master Miyagi Chojun. In 1932, Miyagi Chojun was invited to participate in the Sainen Budo Taikai in Tokyo and the Butokusai (Martial Arts Festival) in Kyoto. In 1935, a prospectus was submitted for the Karate Kenkyukai (Karate Research Club) at Ritsumeikan Daigaku (University), with Miyagi as the honorary master instructor (meiyo shihan).
By 1936, many Okinawan instructors had migrated to Japan and were teaching karate. Among those instructors were Funakoshi Gichin, Mabuni Kenwa, Motobu Choki, Sawada Masaru, Sakae Sanyu, Yabiku Moden, Miki Nisaburo, Kunishi Yasuhiro, Sato Shinji, Mutsu Mizuho, Hi-
234 Karate, Japanese
gashionna (Higaonna) Kamesuke, Otsuka Shinjun, Taira Shinken, Shiroma Koki, and Uechi Kanbun.
Karate on Okinawa was taught in an informal manner. Students were assigned tokuigata (individual forms) at the discretion of the instructor. No ranking system existed, so there were no established criteria for advancement. Students were either sempai (senior) or kobai (junior). No recognizable uniform (gi) was used. Karate was indiscriminately referred to as di, bu (martial arts), or Toudi. This individualism was alien to the Japanese concept of wa (harmony). Japanese martial arts were structured around the ryuha system propagated by the Dainippon Butokukai. A ryuha included an historical continuity, methodological transmission, and pedagogical style. Many Okinawan instructors realized that if karate were to be recognized as a true martial art, certain modifications would have to be made in the manner in which it was presented to the Japanese public.
In the early 1920s, Funakoshi Gichin suggested to the karate research group at Keio University that the kanji character representing “T’ang” be replaced with the character representing “empty” in Dainippon Kenpo Karate-do (Great Japan Fist Method Empty Hand Way). Funakoshi also stressed the use of -do (way) over -jutsu (technique) in an effort to conform to previously established budo (martial ways) such as kyudo (archery), kendo, and judo. The practice of karate was greatly influenced by that of judo, a modified form of jujutsu created by Kano Jigoro. Kano devised a ranking system based on dan/куй grades. Kyu (literally, grade) are lower grades, which begin at tenth kyu and proceed to first kyu. First dan (literally, step or rank) follows first kyu and rankings progress from first dan to tenth dan. The tenth kyu is represented by a white belt, and the first dan is represented by a black belt. Karate adopted the judo rankings as well as the judogi. With the recognition of rank within the Japanese karate community came an organized curriculum and a somewhat more objective evaluation of knowledge, skills, and abilities. Miyagi Chojun was the first Okinawan master to submit the name of his system, GojA-ryu (hard-soft style) Karate (Tang hand) to the Dainippon Butokukai. The Butokukai officially recognized karate-do (empty-hand way) as a ryuha in 1933.
Once the Japanese people accepted karate, the art began to be influenced by the needs of the people, and various innovations were developed that began to give karate a distinctively Japanese character. From the Shuri-di and Naha-di, which the Okinawans brought to Japan, four major styles of Japanese karate began to emerge. Funakoshi Gichin propagated Sbotokan, Otsuka Hioronori created the Wadd-ryu, Mabuni Kenwa developed Shito-ryu, and Yamaguchi Gogen spread Goju-ryu.
The brand of Shuri-di that Funakoshi Gichin (1868-1957) taught became known as Sbotokan (Shoto Flail) Karate after Funakoshi’s poetic
Karate, Japanese 235
pseudonym, Shoto (Pine Wave). Realizing that language is culture, Fu-nakoshi Gichin gave the various Shuri-di kata new Japanese names. Chinto kata became Gankaku (Crane on a Rock), Jitte became Jutte (Ten Hands), Kusanku became Kanku (To Took at the Sky), Naihanchi became Tekki (Horse Riding), Pinan became Heian (Peaceful Mind), Patsai became Bas-sai (To Penetrate a Fortress), Seisan became Hangetsu (Crescent Moon), Useishi became Gojusbiho (Fifty-four Steps), and Wansu became Empi (Flying Swallow). Funakoshi introduced the Taikyoku (Grand Ultimate) kata as beginning forms, and the Pen no Kata (Kata of the Universe) as a beginning kumite (sparring) form. As the names of these kata imply, however, the principles contained within them are subjects for continual study. Funakoshi Gichin’s son, Funakoshi Yoshitaka (Gigo), made modifications in the basic techniques (kihon). The side kick (yoko-geri), back kick (ushiro-geri), and round kick (mawashi-geri) were added to the style; the kicking knee was raised; stances became lower; and thrusting with the hips was greatly emphasized. This innovative attitude reflected the views of Funakoshi Gichin, who believed that karate should evolve as human knowledge progressed. In 1949 the Nippon Karate Kyokai (Japan Karate Association, JKA) was formed. Funakoshi Gichin was honorary chief instructor, Obata Isao was chairman, and Nakayama Masatoshi was the chief instructor. The JKA continues research into the art and science of karate, building upon the philosophy of its founder.
Otsuka Hironori (1892-1982) began his martial arts training in Ibaraki, Japan, where he studied Shindo Yoskin-ryu jUjutsu under Nakayama Shinzaburo, a style that incorporated various strikes and kicks as well as the conventional jujutsu nage-waza (throws) and ne-waza (ground techniques). Otsuka received the menkyo kaiden (certificate of full proficiency) in the Shindo Yoshin-ryu in 1920, succeeding Nakayama and becoming the fourth headmaster of the ryuha. While attending Waseda University, Otsuka studied other forms of jujutsu and kenpo. Otsuka met Funakoshi Gichin in 1922. Impressed by Otsuka’s dedication to the martial arts and interest in karate, Funakoshi taught Otsuka his Shuri-di system. Combining the karate that he learned from Funakoshi and Mabuni Kenwa (of the Shito-ryu) with various jujutsu, Toda-ryu, and Yagyu Shink-age-ryu kenjutsu techniques and concepts, Otsuka broke away from the Shotokan in 1934 and formed a style that would eventually be known as Wado (Way of Peace). Wado was officially recognized as a ryuha by the Dainippon Butokukai in 1940 under the title Shinshu Wado jujutsu. Wado-гуй uses nine basic kata: Pinan 1-5, Naihanchi, Kusanku, Seishan (Seisan), and Chinto. Otsuka also developed a series of yakusoku kumite (prearranged sparring sets) for further study. In 1972, Otsuka Hironori was awarded the title of meijin (Excellent Martial Artist of Tenth Dan) in
236 Karate, Japanese
Left: Practitioners of Japanese karate utilize bard and fast infighting techniques in jiyit-kumite.
Right: Ippon kumite is practiced as a part of the basic curriculum of Japanese karate, i Courtesy of Ron Mottern)
Karate-do by the Kokusai Budoin (International Martial Arts Federation). Otsuka Jiro, Hironori’s second son, assumed the leadership of the Wado-ryu after his father’s death.
Mabuni Kenwa (1889-1952) studied Shuri-di under Anko Itosu (Ya-sutsune). After studying Shuri-di for some time, Itosu suggested that Mabuni train at the same time with Higashionna (Higaonna) Kanryo in the Naha-di system. Mabuni trained with both Itosu and Higashionna until their deaths in 1915. Mabuni also studied martial arts with Arakaki Seisho and the White Crane instructor Go Kenki (Okinawan; pinyin Wu Xiangui). In the 1920s, Mabuni traveled to Japan several times, where he participated in public demonstrations of karate. Mabuni taught for a time in Tokyo at the Ryobukan of Konisbi Yasuhiro, a ranking member of the Bu-tokukai, and eventually moved his family to Osaka, where he established a dojo (training hall) in 1929. In 1933, Mabuni’s system was registered with the Dainippon Butokukai as Shito-ryu. Shito is a contraction of the names of Mabuni’s primary karate instructors, Itosu and Higashionna. Rendered into the Chinese on-yomi, Ito-Higa is read as Shi-Тб. Mabuni Kenwa structured an official curriculum for the Shito-ryu that included standardized
Karate, Japanese 237
terminology for all punches, kicks, strikes, blocks, and training exercises. Mabuni organized and classified the kata taught within his style as either Itosu-ke (Itosu lineage) or Higasbionna-ke. The Itosu-ke includes those kata of the general form and type taught within the Shuri system, while the Higashionna-ke includes those of the type taught within the Naha system. Mabuni also recognized twelve drills, which he classified as kihon (beginning) kata. Mabuni Kenzo, Mabuni Kenwa’s third son, formed the Seito (Pure) Shito-гуй after his father’s death and composed the Mabuni-ke from kata developed and modified from the curriculum developed by Mabuni Kenwa. The Mabuni-ke includes Shinse, Shinpa, and Happosho from the Higashionna-ke; JUroku, Matsukaze, Aoyagi, Myojo, and Shihokoksokun from the Itosu-ke; Kenki; and Kenshu. The Aoyagi (Green Willow) kata was developed by Mabuni and Konishi Yasuhiro, with a contribution by Ueshiba Morihei, the founder of aikido. The Shinpa (Mind Wave) kata was devised in 1925 by Mabuni and Konishi after visiting Uechi Kanbun, the founder of Uechi-ryu, in Wakayama.
Miyagi Chojun visited Kyoto in 1928 at the invitation of the judo club of Kyoto Teikoku Daigaku (Kyoto Imperial University). He performed at the Butokusai in 1933 and again in 1935, assisted by Yogi Jitsuei. Miyagi visited Japan for intermittent periods between 1934 and 1938 and stayed with Yogi, who was a student at Ritsumeikan University. During this period, Yogi introduced Miyagi to Yamaguchi Yoshimi (Gogen) (1909-1989), who had established a karate club at Ritsumeikan in 1930. After meeting Miyagi, Yamaguchi adopted the Goju style. In order to popularize karate, Yamaguchi created a form of jiyti-kumite (free sparring). Although many Okinawan Karateka had experimented with free sparring, jiyu-kumite was not used as a part of the basic karate curriculum prior to its introduction by Yamaguchi. With the addition of the competitive aspect fostered through the use of jiyu-kumite, the practice of karate began to attract adherents in Japan. In 1935, Yamaguchi formed the Karate Kenkyukai at Ritsumeikan University to further propagate the Goju-ryu. Miyagi Chojun was listed in the club’s prospectus as meiyo shihan (honorary master teacher), with Yamaguchi and Yogi Jitsuei as shihan-dai (assistant instructors). In 1940, Yamaguchi formed The East Asia Martial Arts Mission to give demonstrations of karate throughout Japan.
Yamaguchi served as a military attache in Manchuria during World War II and was captured by the Russians in 1945. He was released in 1947 and returned to Tokyo. Like many Japanese after the war, Yamaguchi was demoralized. At midnight on January 12, 1948, he went to the Togo shrine at Harajuku to commit seppuku (ritual suicide). While preparing himself to die, Yamaguchi had a mystical experience in which he perceived that he was supposed to live and that his purpose was to renew the spiritual life of
238 Karate, Japanese
the Japanese people through the martial arts. True to this vision, Yama-guchi opened a dojo in 1948 and went on to establish the All Japan Karate-do Goju-kai in 1950, which was to become one of the largest and most powerful karate organizations in Japan. As his spiritual quest continued, Yamaguchi created the Goju-Shinto style, which combined Goju karate with Shinto and yoga. Yamaguchi’s three sons, Gosei, Goshi, and Gosen, as well as his daughter Gokyoku, continued the teaching responsibilities of the Goju-kai after their father’s death.
The Goju-kai uses the twelve basic kata of Goju (Gekesai daiichi, Gekesai dain, Sanchin, Tensho, Saifa, Seiyunchin or Seienchin, Seisan, San-seiru, Shi Sho Chin, Seipa, Kururunfa, and Suparunpei) along with the basic Taikyoku (grand ultimate) forms (Taikyoku jodan [upper], Taikyoku chitdan [middle], and Taikyoku gedan [lower]) created by Funakoshi Gichin. Yamaguchi Gogen modified Funakoshi’s basic Taikyoku kata and created Taikyoku mawashi-uke and Taikyoku kake-uke.
It is evident from an examination of the major Japanese karate styles that their present state is due to an evolution, rather than a simple transmission, of martial ideas and methodologies. The history of karate in Japan is one of dynamic eclecticism. The “traditional” method is one of adaptation, innovation, and progression.